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Subgenus ANOPHELES Meigen, 1818

Edited by Ralph Harbach on Sun, 01/22/2012 - 19:19
Name-Bearing Type: 

Anopheles maculipennis Meigen, 1818.

Classification: 

Subfamily Anophelinae, genus Anopheles. Subgenus Anopheles includes 182 formally recognised species divided between two Sections that are further subdivided into a number of Series comprised of Groups and Subgroups (see Anopheles Classification, Subgenus Anopheles) believed to represent phylogenetically related assemblages of species based principally on morphological similarity (Harbach, 2004).

Distribution: 

Subgenus Anopheles has an almost world-wide distribution. Species are found at elevations from coastal areas to mountainous terrain in temperate, subtropical and tropical areas, but are absent from the majority of the Pacific Islands, including the large ones of New Zealand, Fiji and New Caledonia.

Phylogeny: 

The morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies of Sallum et al. (2000, 2002) and Harbach & Kitching (2005) indicate that subgenus Anopheles is not demonstrably monophyletic with regard to genus Bironella and subgenera Lophopodomyia and Stethomyia, and the monophyly of the Sections and most Series are doubtful. In contrast, the results of a cladistic analysis of morphological data by Collucci & Sallum (2007) suggest that the subgenus and most species groups are monophyletic; however, their analyses were biased by the selection of outgroup taxa whose interrelationships with the ingroup taxa were unresolved in the earlier studies. 

Characteristics: 

Subgenus Anopheles includes species with and without spotted wings. Those with pale markings have no more than two pale areas on the costal margin. Pale scales of other veins, when present, usually do not form distinct pale areas. Cibarial armature is absent in females and the genitalia of males have 1-3 (usually 2) specialised setae (generally one internal and two parabasal setae) on the gonocoxites, with at least the inner parabasal borne on a distinct prominence. Proepisternal setae are usually numerous and prespiracular setae are usually present. Larvae, with few exceptions, have seta 1-A branched and usually inserted on the mesal (inner) side of the antenna. Seta 2-C are closely approximated (closer, rarely equal, than the distance between seta 2-C and seta 3-C on either side) and setae of the pleural groups (setae 9-12-P,M,T) are generally all simple. The subgenus is divided into two Sections based on the shape of the pupal trumpet. The Laticorn Section includes species with a wide funnel-shaped trumpet having the longest axis transverse to the stem (laticorn), and the Angusticorn Section includes species with a semi-tubular trumpet having the longest axis vertical more or less in line with the stem (angusticorn). Pupal seta 9 on segments V-VII is usually short and blunt, and seta 1-Pa is usually short and straight, seldom long and bent. See Genus Anopheles.

Bionomics: 

Anopheles larvae are adapted to a variety of aquatic habitats, but occur predominantly in ground waters. Some species require aerated water, others brackish water and some inhabit cavities such as rock holes and tree holes (e.g. the Plumbeus Group). Adults are active at night and during twilight periods, but the females of some species will accost potential hosts in dimly lit places during daylight hours. Many species are known feed on humans and domestic animals, but the host preferences of most species are unknown.

Medical and Economic Importance: 

Subgenus Anopheles is divided into six Series (see Subgenus Anopheles), but only females of the Myzorhynchus and Anopheles Series include vectors of human malarial parasites. The Hyrcanus and Maculipennis Groups include principal vectors of historical and contemporary importance in Holarctic Region. Some members of the subgenus are effective vectors of microfilariae and some may be involved in the transmission of encephalitis viruses.

Important References: 

Lane, 1953 (Neotropical Region); Mattingly & Knight, 1956 (Arabia); Cova-Garcia, 1961 (Venezuela); Forattini, 1962 (Neotropical Region); Gillies & de Meillon, 1968 (Afrotropical Region); Reid, 1968 (Malaysia, Borneo); Belkin et al., 1970 (Jamaica); Gutsevich et al., 1974 (former USSR); Harrison & Scanlon, 1975 (Thailand); Klein, 1977 (Cambodia); Tanaka et al., 1979 (Japan); Wood et al., 1979 (Canada); Darsie & Ward, 1981, 2005 (keys, North America); Lu & Li, 1982 (China); Clark-Gil & Darsie, 1983 (Guatemala); Rao, 1984 (India); Lee et al., 1987 (Australasian Region); Gillies & Coetzee, 1987 (Afrotropical Region); Das et al., 1990 (keys, India); Darsie & Pradhan, 1990 (Nepal); Wilkerson & Strickman, 1990 (keys, Central America and Mexico); Glick, 1992 (keys, southwestern Asia and Egypt); Rattanarithikul & Panthusiri, 1994 (keys, medically important species, Thailand); Nagpal & Sharma, 1995 (India); Lu Baolin et al., 1997 (China); Rattanarithikul et al., 2006 (keys, Thailand); Collucci & Sallum, 2007 (phylogeny).

Included Taxa: 
aberrans Harrison & Scanlon, 1975
acaci Baisas, 1946
ahomi Chowdhury, 1929
aitkenii James, 1903
      subspecies aitkenii James, 1903
      subspecies britanniae Strickland & Chowdhurry, 1931
albotaeniatus (Theobald, 1903)
algeriensis Theobald, 1903 
alongensis Venhuis, 1940
anchietai Corrêa & Ramalho, 1968
annandalei Prashad, 1918
annulipalpis Lynch Arribálzaga, 1878
apicimacula Dyar & Knab, 1906
arboricola Zavortink, 1970
argyropus (Swellengrebel, 1914)
artemievi Gordeyev, Zvantsov, Goryacheva, Shaikevich & Yezhov, 2005
asiaticus Leicester, 1903
atratipes Skuse, 1889
atroparvus van Thiel, 1927
atropos Dyar & Knab, 1906
aztecus Hoffmann, 1935
baezai Gater, 1933
baileyi Edwards, 1929
balerensis Mendoza, 1947
bancroftii Giles, 1902
      subspecies bancroftii Giles, 1902
      subspecies barbiventris Brug, 1938
barberi Coquillett, 1903
barbirostris van der Wulp, 1884
barbumbrosus Strickland & Chowdhury, 1927
barianensis James, 1911
beklemishevi Stegnii & Kabanova, 1976
belenrae Rueda, 2005
bengalensis Puri, 1930
borneensis McArthur, 1949
bradleyi King, 1939
brevipalpis Roper, 1914
brevirostris Reid, 1950
bulkleyi Causey, 1937
bustamentei Galvão, 1955
calderoni Wilkerson, 1991
caliginosus de Meillon, 1943
campestris Reid, 1962
chiriquiensis Komp, 1936
chodukini Martini, 1929
claviger (Meigen, 1804)
colledgei Marks, 1956
collessi Reid, 1963
concolor Edwards, 1938
corethroides Theobald, 1907
costai da Fonseca & da Silva Ramos, 1939
coustani Laveran, 1900
crawfordi Reid, 1953
crucians Wiedemann, 1828
crypticus Coetzee, 1995
cucphuongensis Vu, Nguyen, Tran, & Nguyen, 1991
culiciformis Cogill, 1903
daciae Linton, Nicolescu & Harbach, 2004
diluvialis Reinert, 1997
donaldi Reid, 1962
earlei Vargas, 1943
eiseni Coquillett, 1902
      subspecies eiseni Coquillett, 1902
      subspecies geometricus Correa, 1944
ejercitoi Mendoza,1947
engarensis Kanda & Oguma, 1978
evandroi da Costa Lima, 1937
fausti Vargas, 1943
fluminensis Root, 1927
forattinii Wilkerson & Sallum, 1999
fragilis (Theobald, 1903)
franciscanus McCracken, 1904
franciscoi Reid, 1962
freeborni Aitken, 1939
freyi Meng, 1957
fuscicolor van Someren, 1947
gabaldoni Vargas, 1941
georgianus King, 1939
gigas Giles, 1901
     subspecies crockeri Colless, 1955
     subspecies formosus Ludlow, 1909
     subspecies gigas Giles, 1901
     subspecies simlensis James, 1911
     subspecies refutans Alcock, 1913
     subspecies sumatrana Swellengrebel & Rodenwaldt, 1932
     subspecies danaubento Mochtar & Walandouw, 1934
     subspecies oedjalikalah Nainggolan, 1939
      subspecies pantjarbatu Waktoedi, 1954
grabhamii Theobald, 1901
guarao Anduze & Capdevielle, 1949
hailarensis Xu & Luo, 1998
hectoris Giaquinto-Mira, 1931
heiheensis Ma, 1981
hermsi Barr & Guptavanij, 1989
hodgkini Reid, 1962
hunteri (Strickland, 1916)
hyrcanus (Pallas, 1771)
implexus (Theobald, 1903)
insulaeflorum (Swellengrebel & Swellengrebel de Graaf, 1920)
intermedius (Peryassú, 1908)
interruptus Puri, 1929
inundatus Reinert,1997
judithae Zavortink, 1969
kleini Rueda, 2005
koreicus Yamada & Watanabe, 1918
kweiyangensis Yao & Wu, 1944
labranchiae Falleroni, 1926
lesteri Baisas & Hu, 1936
letifer Sandosham, 1944
lewisi Ludlow, 1920
liangshanensis Kang, Tan, Cao, Cheng, Yang & Huang, 1984
lindesayi Giles, 1900
     subspecies japonicus Yamada, 1918
     subspecies lindesayi Giles, 1900
     subspecies pleccau Koidzumi, 1924
     subspecies cameronensis Edwards, 1929
     subspecies benguetensis King, 1931
maculipennis Meigen, 1818
maculipes (Theobald, 1903)
malefactor Dyar & Knab, 1907
manalangi Mendoza, 1940
marteri Senevet & Prunnelle, 1927
martinius Shingarev, 1926
mattogrossensis Lutz & Neiva, 1911
maverlius Reinert, 1997
mediopunctatus Lutz, 1903
melanoon Hackett, 1934
mengalangensis Ma, 1981
messeae Falleroni, 1926
minor da Costa Lima, 1929
montanus Stanton & Wacker, 1917
namibiensis Coetzee, 1984
neomaculipalpus Curry, 1931
nigerrimus Giles, 1900
nilgiricus Christophers, 1924
nimpe Nguyen, Tran & Harbach, 2000
nitidus Harrison, Scanlon & Reid, 1973
noniae Reid, 1963
obscurus (Grünberg, 1905)
occidentalis Dyar & Knab, 1906
okuensis Brunhes, le Goff & Geoffroy, 1997
omorii Sakakibara, 1959
palmatus (Rodenwaldt, 1926)
paludis Theobald, 1900
papuensis Dobrotworsky, 1957
paraliae Sandosham, 1959
parapunctipennis Martini, 1932
     subspecies guatemalensis de Leon, 1938
     subspecies parapunctipennis Martini, 1932
peditaeniatus (Leicester, 1908)
perplexens Ludlow, 1907
persiensis Linton, Sedaghat & Harbach, 2003
peryassui Dyar & Knab, 1908
petragnani del Vecchio, 1939
peytoni Kulasekera, Harrison & Amerasinghe, 1989
pilinotum Harrison & Scanlon, 1974
pinjaurensis Barraud, 1932
plumbeus Stephens, 1828
pollicaris Reid, 1962
powderi Zavortink, 1970
powelli Lee, 1944
pseudobarbirostris Ludlow, 1902
pseudomaculipes (Peryassú, 1908)
pseudopictus Grassi, 1899
pseudopunctipennis Theobald, 1901
     subspecies levicastilloi Levi-Castillo, 1944
     subspecies neghmei Mann, 1950
     subspecies noei Mann, 1950
     subspecies patersoni Alvarado & Heredia, 1947
     subspecies pseudopunctipennis Theobald, 1901
     subspecies rivadeneirai Levi-Castillo, 1945
pseudosinensis Baisas, 1935
pseudostigmaticus Dobrotworsky, 1957
pullus Yamada, 1937
punctimacula Dyar & Knab, 1906
punctipennis (Say, 1823)
pursati Laveran, 1902
quadrimaculatus Say, 1824
rachoui Galvão, 1952
reidi Harrison, 1973
roperi Reid, 1950
sacharovi Favre, 1903
samarensis Rozeboom, 1951
saperoi Bohart & Ingram, 1946
     subspecies ohamai Ohama, 1947
     subspecies saperoi Bohart & Ingram, 1946
separatus (Leicester, 1908)
shannoni Davis, 1931
similissimus Strickland & Chowdhury, 1927
sinensis Wiedemann, 1828
sineroides Yamada, 1924
sintoni Puri, 1929
sintonoides Ho, 1938
smaragdinus Reinert, 1997
stigmaticus Skuse, 1889
stricklandi Reid, 1965
symesi Edwards, 1928
tasmaniensis Dobrotworsky, 1966
tenebrosus Dönitz, 1902
tibiamaculatus (Neiva, 1906)
tigertti Scanlon & Peyton, 1967
umbrosus (Theobald, 1903)
vanus Walker, 1860
veruslanei Vargas, 1979
vestitipennis Dyar & Knab, 1906
vietnamensis Nguyen, Tran & Nguyen, 1993
walkeri Theobald, 1901
wellingtonianus Alcock, 1912
whartoni Reid, 1963
xelajuensis de Leon, 1938
xui Dong, Zhou, Dong & Mao, 2007
ziemanni Grünberg, 1902
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